Definition

The pleura are two thin, moist membranes around the lungs. The inner layer is attached to the lungs. The outer layer is attached to the ribs. Pleural effusion is the buildup of excess fluid in the space between the pleura. The fluid can prevent the lungs from fully opening. This can make it difficult to catch your breath.

Pleural effusion may be transudative or exudative based on the cause. Treatment of pleural effusion depends on the condition causing the effusion.

Pleural Effusion

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Causes

Effusion is usually caused by disease or injury.

Transudative effusion may be caused by:

Risk Factors

Factors that increase your chance of getting pleural effusion include:

Symptoms

Some types of pleural effusion do not cause symptoms. Others cause a variety of symptoms, including:

• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Stomach discomfort
• Cough
• Coughing up blood
• Shallow breathing
• Rapid pulse or breathing rate
• Weight loss
• Fever, chills, or sweating
• Hiccupping

These symptoms may be caused by many other conditions. Let your doctor know if you have any of these symptoms.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. This may include listening to or tapping on your chest. Lung function tests will test your ability to move air in and out of your lungs.

Images of your lungs may be taken with:

Treatment

Treatment is usually aimed at treating the underlying cause. This may include medications or surgery.

Your doctor may take a "watchful waiting" approach if your symptoms are minor. You will be monitored until the effusion is gone.

Prevention

Prompt treatment for any condition that may lead to effusion is the best way to prevent pleural effusion.