Definition | Causes | Risk Factors | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention

Definition

Blood poisoning is an illness due to an infection or its toxin spreading through the bloodstream. The presence of bacteria in the blood is called bacteremia.

Short bursts of low levels of bacteria in the blood usually do not cause problems. However, if bacteria levels do not decrease, then sepsis may occur.

Causes

Sepsis occurs when large numbers of infectious agents exist in the blood. Infections with viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to sepsis as well. Causes include:

Blood Flow Near Burn Wound

First Degree Burn: Superficial Burn
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase your chance of getting sepsis include:

Symptoms

The first symptoms depend on the site of the infection.

As the condition progresses to sepsis, symptoms may include:

  • Fever and chills
  • Low temperature
  • Pale skin color
  • Weakness
  • Changes in mental status
  • Rapid breathing/distress
  • Increased heart rate/weak pulse
  • Decreased urine
  • Problems with bleeding or clotting

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. If sepsis is suspected, the doctor will try to find the source of the infection.

Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:

  • Blood cultures and tests
  • Urine cultures and tests
  • Sputum cultures
  • Stool cultures

Images may be taken of your bodily structures. This can be done with:

Treatment

This condition will need to be treated aggressively. Treatment is aimed at the cause of the initial infection.

Early treatment improves the chance of survival. Life-saving steps may be needed to assist breathing and heart function. Patients usually need to be observed in an intensive care unit.

IV antibiotics will be used to fight the initial infection and to clear it from your blood. You will be given oral antibiotics when you leave the hospital.

Surgery is sometimes needed to remove or drain the initial infection.

You will likely receive other medications, IV fluids, and oxygen. If your blood pressure remains too low, you may need vasopressors—medicines to help maintain your normal blood pressure. Blood transfusions and a respirator to help you breathe may be necessary in some cases.

Further treatment depends on how your body is responding. For example, you may need kidney dialysis if kidney failure occurs.

Prevention

It is not always possible to prevent blood poisoning. Avoiding IV drug abuse decreases your chance of sepsis. Healthcare professionals must also take steps to stop the spread of these infections. Getting prompt medical care for infections can reduce your risk of sepsis.