Definition

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a disorder of the nervous system. It leads to a gradual worsening of symptoms. Once symptoms develop, the average life expectancy is ten years or less.

MSA is sometimes called a Parkinson’s plus syndrome because many of the symptoms are similar. There are different types MSA based on the most apparent symptoms. One type was formerly known as Shy-Drager syndrome.

Causes

The cause of MSA is unknown. The symptoms are caused by degeneration of nerves throughout the brain and spinal cord. These nerves control automatic functions like balance and muscle coordination. The damage to the nerve may be caused by a buildup of a specific protein but this is not a confirmed cause.

Nervous System

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Risk Factors

Men are twice as likely to develop MSA than women. It tends to appear between 50-60 years of age.

Symptoms

Symptoms of MSA can vary greatly. If you have any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to MSA. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions. Initial symptoms are similar to those of Parkinson disease. These initial symptoms may also be determined by the type of MSA:

• Type MSA-A is associated with orthostatic hypotension. This is a problem managing blood pressure when moving from sitting to standing. It can lead to dizziness or fainting.
• Type MSA-P is associated with symptoms similar to initial Parkisnon symptoms such as:
  • Slow, stiff movements
  • Tremors
  • Clumsiness (loss of balance and coordination)
  • Shuffling
• Type MSA-C is associated with:
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Problems speaking and hoarseness
  • Difficulty coordinating muscle movement

As the disease progresses, symptoms will cross over types and become more severe. Many will develop muscle coordination problems and need walking aids. Other problems that may exist across type include:

• Problems with bladder control
• Erectile dysfunction
• Muscle tightening around a joint that prevents free movement
• Problems with posture such as leaning to one side and forward head bend
• Inappropriate laughing or crying
• Excess yawning
• Vision problems
• Changes in writing

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A exam of the nervous system will also be done. You will likely be referred to a specialist.

Diagnosing MSA can be difficult. Other diseases will need to be ruled out. Tests to help rule out other diseases include:

Treatment

There is no cure for MSA. Treatment will focus on managing the symptoms and supportive care. Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. Options include the following:

Prevention

There are no known guidelines to prevent MSA since the cause is not clear.